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introduction to chaos & fractals

college of the atlantic

dave feldman

INTRODUCTION TO CHAOS & FRACTALS

college of the atlantic

fall 2023

dave feldman

This course presents an elementary introduction to chaos and fractals. The main focus will be on using discrete dynamical systems to illustrate many of the key phenomena of chaotic dynamics: stable and unstable fixed and periodic points, deterministic chaos, bifurcations, and universality. A central result of this study will be the realization that very simple non-linear equations can exhibit extremely complex behavior. In particular, a simple deterministic system (i.e., physical system governed by simple, exact mathematical rules) can behave in a way that is unpredictable and random, (i.e., chaotic). This result suggests that there are potentially far-reaching limits on the ability of science to predict certain phenomena. Students in this class will also learn about fractals---self-similar geometric objects---including the Mandelbrot set and Julia sets. We will also read about and discuss the development of the field of chaos. In so doing, we will examine the nature of scientific communities, with a particular eye toward how changes in scientific outlooks occur. Throughout the course, students will be encouraged to explore the relations between chaos, fractals, and other areas of study such as literature, art, and cultural studies. Students who successfully complete this class should gain a quantitative and qualitative understanding of the basic ideas of chaos and fractals, a greater understanding of the cultural practice of science, and improved mathematical skills. Evaluation will be based on class and lab participation, weekly problem sets several short writing assignments and a final project. Level: Introductory. Prerequisite: A high school algebra course or signature of instructor. Lab fee: $10. Class limit: 24. Meets the following degree requirements: ES QR


Who/When/Where

AXIOMS

In mathematics, axioms are propositions that are assumed to be true. The mathematician Federico Ardila-Mantilla has written four axioms that guide the work he does in education and outreach. Federico's axioms resonate strongly with me. They are:

  1. Mathematical potential is distributed equally among different groups, irrespective of geographic, demographic, and economic boundaries.
  2. Everyone can have joyful, meaningful, and empowering mathematical experiences.
  3. Mathematics is a powerful, malleable tool that can be shaped and used differently by various communities to serve their needs.
  4. Every student deserves to be treated with dignity and respect.

Community Agreement

Taking the above axioms as a starting point, let's think about what type of community we want to create this term. Here is a community agreement based on one written by Federico Ardila-Mantilla.

This course aims to offer a joyful, meaningful, and empowering experience to every participant; we will build that rich experience together by devoting our strongest available effort to the class. You will be stretched and supported. Please be prepared to take an active, critical, patient, creative, and generous role in your own learning and that of your classmates.

MORE COURSE INFO and ADVICE

Course Goals

  1. Stay physically and mentally healthy and maintain intellectual and personal connection during a potentially difficult time.
  2. I want you to gain a solid understanding of the basic mathematical ideas behind chaos and fractals. As part of this, I hope you'll leave this course thinking somewhat differently about order and disorder, simplicity and complexity.
  3. I want to help you improve your basic facility with algebra and functions, your problem solving skills, your ability to create and interpret different types of graphs, and your overall mathematical confidence.
  4. I want you to gain a sense of how math and physics is done, and gain an awareness that these are not static, "dead" disciplines. I want you to gain a greater understanding of science as an institution and science as a culture, and how science intersects and influences other creative and scholarly areas.
  5. Have fun while growing and learning.


Texts

  1. Chaos: Making a New Science by James Gleick. This is a popular science book and is not a traditional text. I have around a dozen copies I can loan out.
  2. Chaos and Fractals: An Elementary Introduction, David Feldman, Oxford University Press, 2012. I'd suggest checking out the list of errata. Multiple copies will be on reserve on the library and I have copies to loan.
  3. We'll also read a few short papers, and maybe a short story and some poetry. The exact assignments will depend on the interests of the class.


Evaluation

Your evaluation will be loosely based on the following:

In general, I recommend against grades; I believe they are more likely than not to interfere with genuine, reflective learning. This is especially true in this class, where I have found that many of the class activities really don't lend themselves to letter grading. I do not have any quota of A's, B's, etc.


Course Structure and Flow

This is the eighteenth(!) time I've taught this course, so I have a pretty good feel for how the class will go. That said, more than any other course I teach, this course varies from offering to offering depending on the interests and personalities of the students in the class.


Stuff about Homework

  1. There will be an assignment due almost every Friday. It is essential that you do these assignments, as this is how one learns math, and also this is most of what your evaluation will be based on.
  2. There will be two parts to almost every homework assignment:
    • Problems to be submitted on WeBWorK
    • Problems to be submitted on "paper" (a scanned pdf) on google classroom
  3. WeBWorK is an online homework system. There are three reasons why I use WeBWorK:
    • You get instant feedback while doing the work, so you can learn right away from your mistakes. You can submit solutions many times until you get everything correct.
    • Some problems are randomized so that you will all get slightly different versions of the questions. This means that collaborating with other students will be maximally effective, since you'll have to share solution methods and not just the final answer.
    • Since the problems are automatically marked, I can spend more time helping you and won't have to spend as much time grading.
  4. If you need extra time for one or two of the homework assignments, it's not a big deal. But be mindful to not fall farther behind every week.
  5. I do not expect all of the homework assignments to be easy; I don't expect you to be able to sit down and do them easily the first time. Don't let yourself get frustrated. I strongly suggest working with others and seeking help if you need it.
  6. You are strongly encouraged to work together on homework. You can also consult me, class tutors, other faculty, friends, and family. However, the homework you hand in should represent your own understanding.
  7. As I plan on sending out homework assignments and other information via email/google classroom, it is important that you check your email/classroom regularly.


Stuff about the Reflection Assignments

There will be one or two reflection assignments. The goal of this assignment is for you to spend time reflecting on and digesting some of the themes of this course. Explore some ideas from the class that have captured your imagination. Your piece should show evidence of sustained inquiry. Find something that interests you or perplexes you and explore. Push your ideas and (gently) push yourself. Ideally, your piece should be emotionally and intellectually satisfying to you. Choose a question, word, phrase, issue, image, equation, person, quotation, or idea from the readings or discussion and dig deeply.

I suspect many of you will write a paper that is an essay or is generally essay-like. If so, your paper should be around two-three pages in length. However, there are many other options:

You can collaborate with another student on the reflection assignments if you wish.


Help Sessions

The Teaching Assistants and I will have a handful of help sessions every week. You are warmly invited and encouraged to attend these sessions. Help sessions are relaxed, informal, and hopefully fun. Things that happen at help sessions:

  1. The TAs and/or I am around to offer help on the homework.
  2. Some students do most of the homework while at a help session. They work through problems alone or with others, and find it comforting to know that help is immediately at hand if needed.
  3. Others do the problems at home and come to the help session with specific questions.
  4. Some students work in groups at help sessions, others work more or less alone.
  5. Help sessions are also a chance to ask general questions about the course. Conversations also sometimes wander into other areas: politics, the state of the world, what's for dinner, what classes are offered next term, and so on.
  6. Help sessions are a great way to meet other students in the class.
  7. Often there will be coffee/tea and/or snacks.


Individual Meetings

I am happy to meet with students one-on-one. The best way to set up an appointment is to send an email. There are lots of reasons why you might want to meet with me:

  1. You have some in-depth questions that there isn't time to explore in a help session.
  2. You have a question that you think is too basic or you're uncomfortable asking in a help session. (You shouldn't be uncomfortable, since, as the saying goes, there are no dumb questions! But I understand that you might be uncomfortable nevertheless.)
  3. You want to explore possibilities for energy projects on campus or in the community.
  4. You want to discuss some challenges you're facing in the class.
  5. You want to talk about other classes in energy or physics, or internships, senior projects, etc.
Please don't hesitate to reach out if there's anything you want to discuss. You should also feel free to reach out to the TAs.


Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging

It is my intent that students from all backgrounds and perspectives be well served by this course, that students' learning needs be addressed both in and out of class, and that the diversity that students bring to this class be viewed as a resource, strength, and benefit. I aim to present materials and activities that are respectful of diversity: gender, sexuality, disability, age, religion, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, race, and culture.

Learning about diverse perspectives and identities is an ongoing process. I am always looking to learn more about power and privilege and the harmful effects of racism, sexism, homophobia, classism, and other forms of discrimination and oppression. Your suggestions are encouraged and appreciated. Please let me know ways to improve the effectiveness of the course for you personally, or for other students or student groups. If something was said or done in class (by anyone, including me) that made you feel uncomfortable, please let me know. You can also reach out to Provost Ken Hill, or Associate Kourtney Collum or Jamie McKown.


Statements about Academic Honesty and Hours of Academic Engagement

SCHEDULE

Important Links


Week 01

Class 01.1: Tuesday, September 12, 2023

  • Introductions. Axioms. Palindromes. Functions.
  • Handouts: none


Week 01 Assignment: Friday, September 15, 2023


Week 02

Discussion/Lab 02: Monday, September 18, 2023

  • Before class: Read "The Butterfly Effect" (Chapter 1) from Chaos, by James Gleick
  • Before class: Watch Chaotic Water Wheel [1:19]
  • Optional, in case you're curious: Deterministic Non-periodic Flow The 1963 paper by Edward Lorenz that Gleick mentions in the chapter.


Class 02.1: Tuesday, September 19, 2023


Week 02 Assignment: Friday, September 22, 2023


Week 03

Discussion/Lab 03: Monday, September 18, 2023


Class 03.2: Friday, September 29, 2023


Week 03 Assignment: Friday, September 29, 2023


Week 04

Discussion/Lab 04: Monday, October 2, 2023

  • Before class: Read "Universality" and "The Experimenter" from Chaos, by James Gleick.
  • Papers to look at, in case you're curious:


Class 04.2: Friday, October 6, 2023


Week 04 Assignment: Friday, October 6, 2023


Week 05

Discussion/Lab 05: Monday, October 9, 2023

  • Before class: Read "Geometry of Nature" from Chaos, by James Gleick.
  • Before class: Read Father of Fractals, a review by Brian Hayes in American Scientist of Mandelbrot's memoir.


Reflection 01: Target Date: Monday, October 9, 2023


Class 05.1: Tuesday, October 10, 2023


Class 05.2: Friday, October 13, 2023


Week 05 Assignment: Friday, October 13, 2023


Week 06

Discussion/Lab 6: Monday, October 16, 2023


Class 06.1: Tuesday, October 17, 2023


Class 06.2: Friday, October 20, 2023


Week 06 Assignment: Friday, October 20, 2023


Week 07

Discussion/Lab 7: Monday, October 23, 2023


Class 07.1: Tuesday, October 24, 2023


Class 07.2: Friday, October 27, 2023


Week 07 Assignment: Friday, October 27, 2023


Week 08

Discussion/Lab 8: Monday, October 30, 2023


Class 08.1: Tuesday, October 31, 2023


Week 08 Assignment: Friday, November 3, 2023


Week 09

Discussion/Lab 9: Monday, November 6, 2023

  • Before class: Watch: "The Secret Life of Chaos".
  • In class: Spontaneously synchronizing metronomes.
  • Links:


Class 09.1: Tuesday, November 7, 2023


There is no week 09 homework

Week 10

"Final" "Project": Friday, November 17, 2023

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